Their early deaths, according to Freedman and McClymond, was detrimental to a hereditary-based system of succession to Muhammad. Hyder reports that this belief is prevalent among the Shias of South Asia. According to Abbas, most Shia Muslims hold that Fatima was Muhammad's only biological daughter, whereas Fedele limits this belief to Twelver Shi'ism. In chronological order, most Sunni sources list Muhammad's children asĪ number of Shia sources argue that Zainab, Ruqayyah, and Umm Kulthum were adopted by Muhammad after the death of their mother, Hala, a sister of Khadija. Muhammad also had a foster son, Zayd ibn Harithah. Most Shia Muslims, however, hold that Fatima was the only biological daughter of Muhammad. The common view is that all were born to Muhammad's first wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid, except one son, named Ibrahim, who was born to Maria al-Qibtiyya. The children of Muhammad include the three sons and four daughters of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
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